Budget 2022: India's job crisis leading to a 'nowhere generation'
2022³â ¿¹»ê : 'Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼¼´ë'·Î À̾îÁö´Â ÀεµÀÇ À§±â
[BBC] 2022³â 2¿ù4ÀÏ
India aims to create six million jobs over the next five years, according to this week's budget announcements. It will not be easy: the country's unemployment rate has exceeded most emerging economies in recent years. Craig Jeffrey and Jane Dyson, who have studied joblessness in India, write on the nature of unemployment in India.
À̹ø ÁÖ ¿¹»ê ¹ßÇ¥¿¡ µû¸£¸é Àεµ´Â ÇâÈÄ 5³â°£ 600¸¸ °³ÀÇ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ âÃâÇÒ °èȹÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â µ¿¾È ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½ÅÈï±¹µéÀ» ´É°¡Çß´Ù. ½Ç¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ Å©·¹ÀÌ±× Á¦ÇÁ¸®¿Í Á¦ÀÎ ´ÙÀ̽¼Àº ÀεµÀÇ ½Ç¾÷À² ´ëÇÑ ±ÛÀ» ½è´Ù.
In the mid-2000s, a group of students at a college in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, jokingly referred to themselves as a "nowhere generation".
2000³â´ë Áß¹Ý, ¿ìŸ¸£ ÇÁ¶óµ¥½Ã ¹Ì¾î·çÆ® ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ±×·ìÀÇ ÇлýµéÀº ³ó´ã »ï¾Æ ÀÚ½ÅÀº "¾îµð¿¡µµ ÃëÁ÷ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼¼´ë"¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
Worn down by years of fruitless attempts to acquire government employment, this group said that they were stuck between their rural homes and dream of urban mobility. "Berozgaari" (unemployment) seemed to have left them high and dry - marooned by modernity.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼ö³â°£ ¼º°ú ¾ø´Â Ç㱸¿¡ ÁöÄ£ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº ½Ã°ñ Áý¿¡ µµ½ÃÀÇ Á÷ÀåÀ¸·Î Ãâ±ÙÇÏ´Â ²ÞÀ» ²Û´Ù°í Çß´Ù. "Berozgaari"(½Ç¾÷)´Â ±×µéÀ» ³ôÀº À庮¿¡ °¤Èù »óÅ·Π¸¸µç °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.
"Well, our life has just become about timepass," they would say. (Timepass is an Indian English word which means spending time without a purpose in life.)
"±Û¼¼¿ä, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ½Ã°£¸¸ ÁïÀÌ´Â °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù."¶ó°í ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (ŸÀÓÆнº´Â »îÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾øÀÌ ½Ã°£À» º¸³»´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â Àεµ ¿µ¾î ´Ü¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù.)
In the last two weeks, as the scale of India's employment crisis has become more evident, media and popular attention has swung again to the phenomenon of the "unemployed youth" in India.
Áö³ 2ÁÖ µ¿¾È ÀεµÀÇ °í¿ë À§±âÀÇ ±Ô¸ð°¡ È®¿¬ÇØÁö¸é¼ ¾ð·Ð°ú ´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ÀεµÀÇ '½Ç¾÷ÀÚ Ã»³â' Çö»ó¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ò·È´Ù.
The problem of unemployment, as evident in the mid-2000s, has grown substantially since that time.
2000³â´ë Á߹ݿ¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ µå·¯³ ½Ç¾÷ ¹®Á¦´Â ±× ÀÌÈÄ ´õ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡Çß´Ù.
As concern about unemployment intensifies, the media spotlight inevitably swings between loud demonstrations and the stump speeches of the politicians.
½Ç¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì·Á°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é¼ ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ½ºÆ÷Æ®¶óÀÌÆ®´Â ¿ä¶õÇÑ ½ÃÀ§¿Í Á¤Ä¡ÀεéÀÇ À¯¼¼ ¿¬¼³ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Èçµé¸± ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.
But if we adjust our gaze and put aside received stereotypes about unemployed youth as a danger to society, we might ask: What are young people actually doing at the everyday level in India? How do they spend their time? How do they relate to their communities? How are they changing India?
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ ½Ã¼±À» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ°í ½Ç¾÷ÀÚ Ã»¼Ò³â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÁ¤ °ü³äÀ» »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀ¸·Î Á¦ÃÄµÎ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Áú¹®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. "ÀεµÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?"±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ½Ã°£À» º¸³»´Â°¡? ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Áö¿ª»çȸ¿Í ¾î¶»°Ô °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´Â°¡? ±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Àεµ¸¦ º¯È½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?
Over the past 25 years, we have carried out research in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand states on the experiences and actions of unemployed young people aged between 18 and 35. This research has involved living and working with unemployed young people for many years in Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh and in Chamoli district in Uttarakhand.
Áö³ 25 ³â µ¿¾È ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ìŸ¸£ÇÁ¶óµ¥½Ã ¿ìŸ¶óĵå ÁÖ¿¡¼ 18¼¼¿¡¼ 35¼¼ »çÀÌÀÇ ½Ç¾÷ »óÅÂÀÇ Ã»³âµéÀÇ °æÇè°ú Çൿ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿ìŸ¸£ÇÁ¶óµ¥½ÃÀÇ ¹Ì¾î·çÆ® Áö±¸¿Í ¿ìŸ¶óĵåÀÇ Ä«¸ô¸® Áö±¸¿¡¼ ¼ö³â µ¿¾È ½Ç¾÷ »óÅÂÀÇ ÀþÀºÀ̵é°ú ÇÔ²² »ýÈ°Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
The depth of social suffering is striking. Unemployed young people encounter cluster of disappointments. They lack money, cannot make good on familial expectations, often lack a sense of respect, and frequently face problems managing their marriages.
»çȸÀû °íÅëÀÇ ±íÀÌ´Â ³î¶ø´Ù. °í¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº ½Ç¸ÁÀÇ Áý´ÜÀ» ¸¸³´Ù. ±×µéÀº µ·ÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÏ°í, °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´ë¿¡ ºÎÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Á¾Á¾ Á¸°æ½ÉÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çϸç, °áÈ¥ »ýÈ°¿¡µµ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ½À´Ï´Ù.
Work is also connected to citizenship. Many young people spent their teens and early twenties dreaming of serving the nation through obtaining jobs in government service that have become ludicrously difficult to secure.
³ëµ¿Àº ½Ã¹Î±Ç°úµµ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¾îó±¸´Ï ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¾î·Á¿öÁø °øÁ÷¿¡¼ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¾ò¾î ±¹°¡¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ²ÞÀ» ²Ù¸ç 10´ë¿Í 20´ë ÃʹÝÀ» º¸³½ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ¸¹´Ù.
Small wonder that many unemployed young people, especially men, have become cynical and detached, describing themselves as people "doing nothing" or engaged only in timepass. Nowhere generation is everywhere, it seems.
¸¹Àº ½Ç¾÷ÀÚµé, ƯÈ÷ ³²¼ºµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» "¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù" ½Ã°£¸¸ Á×ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ¸ç ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÌ°í ÃÊ¿¬ÇØÁø °ÍÀº ³î¶ö ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°°Àº ¼¼´ë´Â ¾îµð¿¡³ª ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.
What is also remarkable is the extent of the community service performed by young people who are unemployed and under-employed. This section of society has become the mainstay of India's civil society.
¶Ç ´«¿¡ ¶ç´Â Á¡Àº ¹«Á÷ ¡¤ ¹ÌÃë¾÷ û³âµéÀÇ »çȸºÀ»ç¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. »çȸÀÇ ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº Àεµ ½Ã¹Î »çȸÀÇ ÁÖ·ù°¡ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
At the most mundane level, these young people often act as interpreters of social change, volunteers and helpers for others in their villages or town neighbourhoods. They help people access state services. They circulate new ideas, for example regarding technology, microcredit, religious practice, environmental care, and development.
°¡Àå Æò¹üÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ÀÌ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº Á¾Á¾ ¸¶À»À̳ª ¸¶À» Áö¿ªÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ »çȸ º¯ÈÀÇ Å뿪»ç, ÀÚ¿ø ºÀ»çÀÚ ¹× µµ¿ì¹Ì ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¹°¡ ¼ºñ½º¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µ½´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±â¼ú, ¼Ò¾× ´ëÃâ, Á¾±³Àû °üÇà, ȯ°æ º¸È£ ¹× °³¹ß¿¡ °üÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
One thing that many unemployed young people have told us is that even if they cannot help themselves, they may be able to help the generation coming after them.
¸¹Àº û³â ½Ç¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇØÁØ ÇÑ °¡Áö´Â, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ µµ¿ï ¼ö ¾ø´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀ» ÂѾƿÀ´Â ¼¼´ë¸¦ µµ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Younger youth - teenagers and pre-teens - are grappling with educational and career choices that are new and which their own parents struggle to understand. The generation in the middle, unemployed or underemployed 18-35-year-olds who have had to live through recent struggles of seeking work, become the key "beech ki pidhi" (intermediary generation).
10´ë¿Í 10´ë ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀþÀº û¼Ò³âµéÀº »õ·Ó°í ±×µéÀÇ ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Â ±³À°Àû, Á÷¾÷Àû ¼±Åðú ¾¾¸§ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù Ãë¾÷³À» °Þ¾î¾ß Çß´ø 18~35¼¼ Áß°£ ½Ç¾÷ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ºÒ¿ÏÀü Ãë¾÷ÀÚ°¡ ÇÙ½É '³Êµµ¹ã³ª¹« Å° Çǵð'(Áß°£ ¼¼´ë)°¡ µÈ´Ù.
To paint this picture is not to romanticise either young people or unemployment. But it is to acknowledge a centre of energy in the Indian population - unemployed young people in their late teens, twenties or early thirties who live in ordinary places across India. They are crucial to India's and the world's future trajectories.
ÀÌ ±×¸²À» ±×¸®´Â °ÍÀº ÀþÀº À̵éÀ̳ª ½Ç¾÷À» ³¶¸¸ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àεµ Àü¿ªÀÇ Æò¹üÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡ »ç´Â 10´ë ÈĹÝ, 20´ë ¶Ç´Â 30 ´ë ÃʹÝÀÇ ½ÇÁ÷ÇÑ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÎ Àεµ Àα¸ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö Áß½ÉÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº Àεµ¿Í ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ±ËÀû¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
It is also to ask questions of policymakers.
±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀڵ鿡°Ô Áú¹®À» Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
How could external organisations better support this community of young people? Perhaps India's enormous Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme could be expanded to include structured opportunities for young people to undertake the type of community service they are leading. Maybe efforts could be made to find ways to accredit active unemployed or under-employed young people with skills.
¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¿ÜºÎ Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ´õ Àß Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀεµÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð ±¹°¡ ³óÃÌ °í¿ë º¸Àå Á¦µµ´Â ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ À̲ø°í ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ª »çȸ ºÀ»çÀÇ À¯ÇüÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶ÈµÈ ±âȸ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϵµ·Ï È®´ë µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ È°µ¿ÀûÀÎ ½Ç¾÷ÀÚ³ª ¹ÌÃë¾÷ »óÅÂÀÇ Ã»³âµé¿¡°Ô Á÷¾÷À» ã¾ÆÁÖ±â À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
One thing is clear: Youth themselves are desperately eager for such opportunities.
ÇÑ °¡Áö ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀþÀ½ ÀÚü°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ °£ÀýÈ÷ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.
Craig Jeffrey and Jane Dyson teach Human Geography at the University of Melbourne. Jeffrey is author of several books on India, including Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India. Dyson is author of Working Childhoods: Youth, Agency and the Environment in India.
Å©·¹ÀÌ±× Á¦ÇÁ¸®¿Í Á¦ÀÎ ´ÙÀ̽¼Àº ¸á¹ö¸¥ ´ëÇп¡¼ Àΰ£ Áö¸®ÇÐÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. Á¦ÇÁ¸®´Â ŸÀÓ Æнº : û¼Ò³â, ¼ö¾÷ | Àεµ ´ë±âÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© Àεµ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿©·¯ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» Àú¼úÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ̽¼Àº ¾î¸° ½ÃÀý ÀÏÇϱâÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ Ã»¼Ò³â, ±â°ü ¹× ȯ°æ.
[bbc] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60211404